The experiments were carried out on the Muscle spindle (MS) that located onto the soleus Muscle (SM) in the anaesthetized rats. After applying a mechanical slow stretch (SS) on the SM, the MS wasn't influenced by this stimulant and it was in a slack status. On the other hand, the MS has showed a dysfunction. The slack status of MS, it means, without electro-mechanical activity for MS that was observed in isolating MS. And this slack status of MS also was occurred by insufficient of γ-motor stimulation. With using the passive stimulating vibration on the MS-SM, again, the slack status of MS was observed. Of course, in this experiment, before that the MS was made up with passive vibration, firstly, the activation of MS was clearly observed by gs-activity. On contrary of the positive effect of  gs into MS, there wasn't a positive effect with gd-activity into MS. But, it's stated that, there was the resting discharge (RD) in the MS during slack status and the RD scale has been significantly acceptable. The MS-RD was created with both of the SS and especially by γs stimulation, though not with gd stimulation.However, it was concluded that, the changing of MS-activity could be caused with the changing length of SK.M. In this process, the MS respond was pertinent to gs-activity. Meanwhile, the activation of γs was followed by activity of MS- chain- afferent. It's seemed that, in this loop of nervo-muscular wasn't any place for activating of MS-bag fiber.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a rare but grave condition that needs meticulous and well-timed intervention. Autologous materials, such as temporalis fascia, temporalis Muscle, fascia lata, cortical bone, cartilage, and fat, are widely available. We have presented a simple and effective method for the management of the small to moderate (up to 15mm) dural defects occurring during the surgeries of the skull base. We have used a free Muscle graft in a sand clock fashion (dumbbell-shaped) through the defect. This procedure enables the surgeon to close the defect and cease the leak even in the anatomically difficult areas, which are not uncommon when the surgical operation is on the skull base.

Background: Many of the knees affected by rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lack their desirable function. Researchers are currently seeking surgical procedures for treating PCL rupture, which can offer a reliable degree of objective and subjective knee stability after surgery. This study assesses the results of anatomical reconstruction of PCL using graft from the tendon of the quadriceps Muscle.Methods: This is a descriptive prospective study involving 14 patients with clinical diagnosis of PCL rupture. The patients complained of knee discomfort in spite of conservative treatment and many sessions of physiotherapy. Subjective symptoms of knee instability, i.e. giving way, pain after long walks and pain during climbing, as well as objective knee instability symptoms as assessed by posterior drawer test at 30° and 90° knee flexion, and neutral rotation were recorded and compared prior to and after surgery. The procedure entailed anatomical reconstruction of PCL using grafts taken from the tendon of quadriceps Muscle and part of proximal patella.Results: Two patients were excluded from the study due to their failure to refer for follow-up. The patients included 11 men and 1woman with a mean age of 23 years. The patients displayed statistically significant improvement after surgery as regards subjective symptoms, i.e. giving way, pain after long walks and pain in climbing. Objective knee instability symptoms as evaluated by posterior drawer test at 30° and 90° knee flexion and neutral rotation also showed significant improvement compared to pre-operation findings.Discussion: Reconstruction of PCL is aimed at achieving normal knee kinematics and stability. The procedure used in this study entailed anatomical reconstruction ofPCL. Given the objective and subjective results obtained, the use of this procedure is recommended by authors as the method of choice for reconstructing PCL.

Introduction: Peripheral nerve injury is one of the most common damages that lead to physical disability. Considering the similarity between the coatings of skeletal Muscles and nerve fibers, we conducted this research to determine the effect of Muscle graft with Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Laminin (L) on nerve repair. Methods: We cut a 10-mm length of the sciatic nerve from 42 female Wistar rats (Weight: 200± 250 g) and equally divided the rats into three groups. In the Muscle graft+NGF+laminin group, the degenerated skeletal Muscle was sutured with proximal and distal ends of the transected sciatic nerve. Then, NGF (100 ng) and laminin (1. 28 mg/mL) were injected into the Muscle graft. In the Muscle graft group, normal saline was injected into the Muscle graft. In the control group, 10 mm of the sciatic nerve was removed without any treatment. Functional recovery was assessed based on Sciatic Functional Index (SFI). Also, tracing motor neurons and histological studies were performed to evaluate nerve repair. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Results: The Mean± SD SFI value significantly increased in the Muscle graft+NGF+laminin (-76. 6± 2. 9) and Muscle graft (-82. 1± 3. 5) groups 60 days after the injury compared to the control group. The Mean± SD number of labeled motor neurons significantly increased in the Muscle graft+NGF+laminin (78. 6± 3. 1) and Muscle graft (61. 3± 6. 1) groups compared to the control group (P<0. 001). The mean number of myelinated axons in the distal segments of the Muscle graft+NGF+laminin increased significantly compared to the Muscle graft group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Muscle graft followed by NGF and laminin administration have therapeutic effects on nerve repair.

Introduction: Many of the knees affected rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament (P.C.L) lack desirable function. Researchers are currently seeking surgical procedures of treating P.C.L rupture, which offer a reliable degree of objective and subjective knee stability after surgery. This study assesses the results of anatomical reconstruction of P.C.L using graft from the tendon of the quadriceps Muscle. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive prospective empirical trial involving 14 patients with clinical diagnosis of P.C.L rupture. The patients underwent arthroscopy to rule out other causes of knee discomfort. The patients complained of knee discomfort in spite of conservative treatment and many sessions of physiotherapy. Subjective symptoms of knee instability, i.e. giving way, pain after long walks and pain during climbing, as well as objective knee instability symptoms as assessed by posterior drawer test at 30° and 90 knee flexion, and neutral rotation were recorded and compared prior to and after surgery. The procedure entailed anatomical reconstruction of P.C.L using grafts taken from the tendon of quadriceps Muscle and part of proximal patella. Results: Two of 14 patients were excluded from the study due to their failure to refer for follow-up. The patients included 11 men and 1 woman with a mean age of 23 years. Patients displayed statistically meaningful improvement after surgery as regards subjective symptoms, i.e. giving way, pain after long walks and pain in climbing. Objective knee instability symptoms as evaluated by posterior drawer test at 30° and 90° knee flexion and neutral rotation also showed meaningful improvement compared to pre-surgery findings. Conclusion: Reconstruction of P.C.L is aimed at achieving normal knee kinematics and stability. The procedure used in this study entailed anatomical reconstruction of P.C.L. Given the objective and subjective results obtained, the use of this procedure is recommended by the author as the method of choice for reconstructing P.C.L.    

Introduction: Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of mortality in developed countries. CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass graft) is one of the therapeutic methods in ischemic heart disease.Methods and Materials: Considering the increased incidence of coronary artery disease in Iran, and with increased rate of CABG, we performed a cross sectioned study (1996-1999). In 635 patients 467 male (73.5 percent), 168 female (26.5 percent) about risk factors of mortality after CABG in cardiac surgery department "Imam Khomeini hospital. 20 risk factors were included in our study: age, gender, smoking, family history, diabetes mellitus, morbid obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, palpitation, renal failure COPD, (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), history of myocardial infarction, CHF, angina, cerebral vascular disease, pace maker, Ejection fraction<40 percent, history of PTCA, history of CPR, and coronary endarterectomy. Results: Cigarette smoking (P=0.40), CHF in female (P=0.003). Endarterectomy in both gender (P=0.0001). Pace maker in both gender (P=0.00006), palpitation in both gender (P=0.0001). CPR in both gender (P=0.0000001), were associated with increased risk of mortality after CABG. Conclusion: We found that, endarterctomy, cigarette smoking, CHF. Pace maker, CPR, and palpitation are important risk factors for mortality after CABG.